Definition,Classification & Salient features of our Constitution
I. Definition of the constitution: – A constitution is a basic design, which deals with the structure and powers of government. It also includes the rights and duties of citizens. The constitution may be written (like US or India) or unwritten like UK , New Zealand or Israel. Definition given by thinkers:- To sum up […]
Freedom of Speech and Expression (Semester II Unit I)
Introduction Article 19(1)(a) of the Indian constitution says that all citizens shall have the right to freedom of speech and expression, making it one of the most valuable fundamental rights conferred to Indian citizens. The right guarantees liberty to express one’s opinion, views and beliefs. One can exercise this right, and express using verbal speech, writing, […]
Right to Equality : Doctrine of Reasonable classification and the Principle of absence of arbitrariness. Sem II Unit I
Before getting into the right to equality, we should know the types of equality to get an idea of what it is. It has been mentioned in our Preamble. The types of equality are namely: ARTICLE 14- EQUALITY BEFORE LAW : Article 14 of the Constitution guarantee the right to equality to every citizen of […]
Definition of State for enforcement of Fundamental Rights, justifiability and various theories.
Definition of State for enforcement of Fundamental Rights UNIT I SEM II Part III of the Constitution deals with Fundamental Rights of the individuals which cannot be encroached by the state or authorities. If any such violation occurs the individual is free to move court for preserving its rights.according to Dr Ambedkar, the object of […]
Inter-state and intra-state trade, commerce, and intercourse within the territory of India. Art 301-307 SEM I UNIT IV
Part XIII of the Indian Constitution from Articles 301 to 307 deals with inter-state and intra-state trade, commerce, and intercourse within the territory of India. Definitions: Thus, the words ‘trade, commerce, and intercourse; cover all kinds of activities which are likely to come under the nature of commerce. Article 301: Subject to the provisions of […]
Contractual and Tortious liability of State SEM I UNIT IV
Introduction: Since state is not a living entity but a legal entity which cannot function without human agency. It is therefore, that the state has to act through its servants. The concept of tortious liability of the state refers to situation when the state can be held vicariously liable for the wrongs committed by its […]
Doctrine of Basic Structure
Doctrine of Basic Structure Sem I Unit iv The Supreme Court recognized the basic structure concept for the first time in the historic Kesavanand Bharati case of 1973. Ever since the evolution of constitution, the SC has become the interpreter of constitution and the arbiter of all amendments made by parliament. In this case, the […]
Amendment of Constitution Sem I Unit IV
Procedure for Amending the Indian Constitution What is a Simple Majority? Simple majority means a majority of more than 50% of the members present and voting in the Parliament House. A number of provisions in the Constitution can be amended by a simple majority of the two House of Parliament outside the scope of Article 368. […]
Emergency Provisions
Emergency Provisions A state of emergency in India is designated period of rule that the President of India can declare in response to specific crisis scenarios like national security or failure of constitutional machinery within state or centre. The President has the authority to suspend some provisions of the Constitution that ensure the protection of […]
Response to Literary Review of ‘Politics of Hate’ by Farahnaz Isphania in The Hindu Daily
Reply to literary review published in Hindu Daily on 30/04/23 Sunday given by Ziya Us Islam on book Politics of Hate authored by Farahnaz Isphania. The article started by highlighting the fact of judicial activism of apex court of Pakistan which ordered to register FIR over 90 person responsible for the attack on Hindu temple […]